Uko iminsi yicuma ni ko isura y’ubucuruzi igenda ihinduka. Iterambere ryo kwishyurana amafaranga hatabayeho kuyahererekanya mu ntoki rirakataje mu mfuruka zose z’Isi, ari nako ubwoko bushya bw’ifaranga buvuka. Iri nta rindi ni ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga ririmo irishobora kugenzurwa na Banki z’ibihugu n’irindi itagenzura ari naryo rifite amoko menshi.
Ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga ririyongera uko bwije n’uko bucyeye ndetse ibihugu birarushaho kuryemeza ngo riyobore ubucuruzi bwabyo. Iri faranga rishobora kugenzurwa na Banki Nkuru z’Ibihugu rizwi nka ’Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)’, ni ryo twibandaho. Kugeza ubu ibihugu icyenda byamaze kuritangiza mu gihe ibindi bikiryigaho.
Mu Rwanda, Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu (BNR), iherutse gutangaza ko izashyira umucyo ku bijyanye n’ikoreshwa ry’ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga (Digital Currency) mu gihugu mu mpera z’uyu mwaka wa 2022.
Muri Kanama 2021 BNR yari yatangaje ko iri gukora inyigo harebwa ku byerekeye ubukungu n’ikoranabuhanga bijyanye n’iryo faranga n’uburyo bw’imikoreshereze yaryo imbere mu gihugu.
Guverineri wungirije wa Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda, Soraya Hakuziyaremye, aherutse kwemeza ko iyo nyigo izarangira mu Ukuboza 2022 kandi igihugu kizaba gifite umurongo uhamye ku bijyanye n’ikoreshwa ry’ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga cyangwa ukudakoreshwa kwaryo.
Ati “Turi mu cyiciro cy’ubugenzuzi. Turimo turasesengura inyungu ku Banyarwanda mu gihe bagira ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga ndetse n’ingaruka ku bukungu hashingiwe ku miterere y’ifaranga twatangiza.”
Hakuziyaremye yavuze ko mu gihe igihugu kizaba cyemeje ikoreshwa ry’iri faranga hazitabwa ku kureba niba nta wuhejwe muri serivisi z’imari zitangirwa kuri internet.
Ati “Icy’ingenzi ni ukureba ko hatagira uhezwa mu by’imari kubera ko utangije ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga ntukwiye gushyira ku ruhande abaturage, bijyana no kuziba icyuho mu by’ikoranabuhanga kandi hakitabwa ku kuba abaturage bafite uburyo bwo kurikoresha.”
Ifaranga rishya u Rwanda rushobora gukoresha ni bwoko ki?
Muri rusange ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga ’Digital Currency’ rikoreshwa mu kugura ibintu cyangwa serivisi kuri internet ariko rikaba ritahindurwa mu mafaranga afatika.
Iri faranga ry’ikoranabuhanga u Rwanda ruzakoresha, rizaba riri mu cyiciro cy’ayagenzurwa na Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu (BNR) nk’uko bigenda no ku yandi asanzwe akoreshwa. Iri faranga rizwi nka ’Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)’ ritandukanye n’andi mafaranga y’ikoranabuhanga azwi nka ’Cryptocurrency’ ari n’aho ayo mu bwoko bwa Bitcoin abarizwa.
Ibihugu byinshi birimo gusuzuma uko byatangiza ikoreshwa ry’iri faranga ndetse bimwe byateye intambwe bitangira kurikoresha. Ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa iri faranga icyo ari cyo n’icyo risobanuye kuri sosiyete.
Bimwe mu bitandukanya Central Bank Digital Currency na Cryptocurrency harimo ko kimwe kiba kigenzurwa na Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu mu gihe ikindi gishobora kugenzurwa n’ubonetse wese. Ibi bituma ikoreshwa rya Central Bank Digital Currency ritagira ingaruka zikomeye ku bukungu nk’uko bigenda kuri Bitcoins kandi rikaba ryizewe nk’uko andi mafaranga bimeze.
Central Bank Digital Currency na Cryptocurrency bihuriye ku kuba byose bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu gukurikirana ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi bikozwe hifashishijwe internet rizwi nka Blockchain. Gusa kuri Central Bank Digital Currency ibi bikorwa biba biri mu ibanga mu gihe, kuri Cryptocurrency biba biri ku karubanda.
Gusa ikoreshwa rya Cryptocurrency ibarizwamo amafaranga azwi nka Bitcoin na Ethereum ni ryo ryatumye Guverinoma z’ibihugu birimo Tanzania na Nigeria zitangira kureba uko zatangiza ikoreshwa ry’amafaranga y’ikoranabuhanga ariko zishobora kugenzura.
Iri ni ifaranga rikorwa n’ibihugu ariko imisusire yaryo itandukanye n’ayo dusanzwe tubona y’inoti cyangwa ibiceri bikozwe muri zahabu cyangwa umuringa ’silver’. Ni ifaranga ryemewe n’amategeko rikoreshwa mu kugura ibintu na serivisi ariko hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga, kurihererekanya no kugaruza nabyo bigakorwa mu ikoranabuhanga.
Ifaranga abantu bashobora gufata mu ntoki riracyafite agaciro ndetse ni ryo rikoreshwa henshi, icyakora bimwe mu bihugu byateye imbere birimo kugabanya ikoreshwa ryaryo ndetse umuvuduko wabyo wiyongereye mu bihe bya Covid-19.
CBDC rigamije mbere na mbere gutuma abacuruzi n’abaguzi bagira umutekano usesuye ku mafaranga yabo, babasha kuyahererekanya, bayagereho igihe bashatse nta mbogamizi.
Iri faranga rizagabanya ikiguzi cyo gutunganya imikorere y’ibigo by’imari, ikiguzi cyo guhererekanya amafaranga ku mipaka. Bizagabanya kandi ibyago byaturuka ku nyota yo gukoresha andi mafaranga y’ikoranabuhanga atizewe.
Iri faranga ry’ikoranabuhanga ritangwa ku baturage rusange nk’uko andi mafaranga atangwa. Abantu bashobora kuyatunga kuri konti zabo cyangwa ububiko bwabugenewe (wallet), bakayakoresha mu kwishyurana. Muri ubu buryo, abantu bose bashobora gukoresha iri faranga.
Aho kugira ngo leta icapishe amafaranga, Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu itanga ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga ryemewe kandi ryizewe.
Kugeza ubu hari ibihugu byamaze kwemeza ikoreshwa ry’ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga bigenzura ni; Bahamas, Antigua and Barbuda, St. Kitts and Nevis, Monserrat, Dominica, Saint Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Grenada na Nigeria. Hari ibindi bihugu 80 bikirimo gusuzuma iby’iri faranga.
Muri Gashyantare 2022, u Buhinde bwatangaje ko bushobora gutangira ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga mu mpera za 2023. Jamaica irateganya kuritangiza muri uyu mwaka. Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Ubwongereza na Canada bikomeje gukora ubushakashatsi n’ubugenzuzi ku ikoreshwa ry’iri faranga.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Bank of International Settlements (BIS) mu 2021, bwerekanye ko 86% bya Banki nkuru z’ibihugu zirimo gukora ubushakashatsi kuri iri faranga, 60% zigeze mu isuzuma ry’uburyo rizakoreshwa naho 14% byatangije icyiciro cy’ibanze kiganisha ku kuryemeza.
Ikoreshwa rya ’Central Bank Digital Currency’ rihishe inyungu
Mu kiganiro IGIHE iherutse kugirana n’impuguke mu bukungu, Teddy Kaberuka, yavuze ko ikoreshwa ry’ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga rigenzurwa na Banki Nkuru z’Ibihugu ririmo inyungu zitandukanye.
Yagize ati “Byagaragaye ko ari ifaranga rishobora gukemura bimwe mu bibazo ifaranga rifatika rifite, urugero nk’iyo ugiye kugura ibintu hanze, niba ufite Amanyarwanda iyo ugiye mu Bushinwa si yo ujyana urabanza ukayavunjisha, akenshi usanga uvungisha inshuro ebyiri, ukavunjisha mu Madorali ukabona kuvunjija mu yo mu Bushinwa wagira n’asaguka bikagusaba kuyasubiza mu Manyarwanda, urumva bibamo ibihombo.”
“Ariko iri faranga ry’ikoranabuhanga, aba ari ifaranga rimwe abantu bahuriraho, urumva ko ririmo inyungu. Ikindi hari n’ikiguzi kijyana no gucunga ifaranga, haba mu kuyakora ndetse no kuyacungira umutekano. Uzarebe nk’iyo Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu ivanye amafaranga mu ntara iyazanye i Kigali uba usanga aherekejwe kandi turabizi ko hari ibihugu byinshi amafaranga yibwa. Ibyo byose ni ibihombo biterwa no kuba ufite amafaranga afatika.”
Teddy Kaberuka yakomeje avuga ko kuba u Rwanda rwatangira gukoresha ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga bitavuze ko ruzahita ruhagarika ikoreshwa ry’amafaranga asanzwe.
Ati “Kubera ko ibihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere bifite, ibibazo byo kuba abantu bose bataragera ku iterambere, haracyari n’abantu batazi gusoma no kwandika. Navuga ko uburyo bwombi buzakomeza gukora ni nk’uko haje uburyo bw’ikarita ariko sheki zigakomeza gukora muri banki, ni nk’uko haje guhererekanya amafaranga kuri telefone ariko n’amafaranga abantu bagendana agakomeza gukoreshwa.”
“Icyo ibihugu bikora ni uguhuza ubwo buryo bwombi hatazagira umuturage ubura uko abaho kubera ko hari ibyaje atabasha. Uko igihe kigenda kimwe kigenda gisimbura ikindi nk’ubu nk’umubare w’amafaranga akorwa waragabanutse kubera ko abantu basigaye bakoresha ikoranabuhanga.”
Ubwitonzi n’ubushishozi kuri ‘Cryptocurrency’
Central Bank Digital Currency na Cryptocurrency bihuriye ku kuba byose bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rifasha mu gukurikirana ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi bikozwe hifashishijwe internet rizwi nka Blockchain. Gusa kuri Central Bank Digital Currency ibi bikorwa biba biri mu ibanga mu gihe, kuri Cryptocurrency biba biri ku karubanda.
Guverineri wa Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda, John Rwangombwa, yavuze ko kugeza ubu mu Rwanda nta buryo buhari bwo kuvunja Cryptocurrency, agasaba Abanyarwanda kubyitondera.
Ati “Cryptocurrency hashize igihe mu Rwanda twaragiriye abantu inama ko bayitondera. Kuko uyu munsi uracuruza ukoresheje iri faranga hanyuma ubigenze gute, nta hantu uzajya mu Rwanda ngo ufate aya mafaranga uyavunjemo Amanyarwanda.”
Yakomeje avuga ko abashaka kuyacuruza cyangwa kuyagura bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga BNR itababuza ariko yibutsa ko ari ifaranga ririmo ibibazo byinshi.
Ati “Ariko niba umuntu azajya mu ikoranabuhanga akarigura yarangiza akarigurisha abantu bo hanze bafite uko babigenza ntabwo tuzajya kugenzura uko bikorwa ariko mu Rwanda nta buryo dufite bwo kuvunja iri faranga.”
Yakomeje asaba Abanyarwanda kwitondera iri faranga. Ati “Ikindi harimo amanyanga menshi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga bituma rero twumva ko abantu baryitondera nta bugenzuzi bifite bwimbitse ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ugiye kubijyamo ubwo ni ukwirengera n’ingaruka zabyo.”
Mu gihe u Rwanda rwaba rutangije ikoreshwa ry’ifaranga ry’ikoranabuhanga rigenzurwa na banki byakuraho impungenge abantu bajyaga bagira mu bijyanye n’ikoreshwa rya Cryptocurrency bumva ko isaha n’isaha bashobora guhomba kandi ntihagire uwo babaza igihombo cyabo. Kugeza ubu ntiharatangazwa igihe nyirizina iri faranga rishobora gutangira gukoreshwa mu Rwanda.