Artificial Intelligence (AI), cyangwa ubwenge bw’ubukorano, ni ikoranabuhanga ryigana ubwenge bwa muntu, rigakora ibikorwa bisanzwe bisaba ubushobozi bwo gutekereza, kumva, cyangwa gufata imyanzuro. Rikorwa hakoreshejwe mudasobwa, porogaramu, n’imashini zigamije gukora ibikorwa bijyana n’ubuhanga bw’abantu.
AI ikoresha uburyo bwo kwigira ku makuru menshi (data), imikorere ya algorithms, na mudasobwa zikora ku muvuduko wihuse. Ibi nibyo bituma AI ishyirwa mu bikorwa mu nzego nyinshi, nk’ubuvuzi, ubucuruzi, ubwubatsi, ndetse n’ubusabane hagati y’abantu.
Dore iby’ibanze mu mikorere yayo:
Kwigira ku makuru (Machine Learning)
AI yiga gukemura ibibazo ishingiye ku makuru ahari. Ikoresha algorithms zigafasha kumva ibimenyetso (patterns) no gukora imyanzuro ishingiye kuri ibyo bimenyetso.
Ubwenge bw’imitwe y’ubwonko (Neural Networks)
AI yigana imikorere y’ubwonko bw’umuntu ikoresheje uburyo bwitwa artificial neural networks. Ibi bikorwa mu gukora amayeri yo gusuzuma amakuru no kuyatanga nk’uko umuntu yakora.
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
Iyi tekinike ituma AI isobanura ururimi rw’abantu, ikora ibikorwa byo kumva, kwandika, cyangwa kuvugana n’abantu.
Imikorere ya AI mu gufata imyanzuro (Decision-Making)
AI ifata imyanzuro ishingiye ku buryo bwagutse bwo gusuzuma amakuru, ikamenya uko ikibazo giteye kandi igashaka igisubizo gihamye.
Abagize uruhare mu gutangiza AI
AI ntiyakozwe n’umuntu umwe, ahubwo ni umusaruro w’abahanga banyuranye barimo abashakashatsi, abanyamateka, n’abanyabumenyi mu by’ikoranabuhanga:
Alan Turing (1912-1954)
Ni umwe mu bateguye igitekerezo cy’uko imashini zishobora gutekereza. Umugambi we, uzwi nka Turing Test, ni uburyo bukoreshwa kureba niba imashini ifite ubushobozi bwo kwiyitirira umuntu.
John McCarthy (1927-2011)
Yabaye umubyeyi wa Artificial Intelligence kuko ni we wazanye iri zina mu 1956 mu nama yitwa Dartmouth Conference. Yagize uruhare mu iterambere rya programming languages zifasha AI.
Marvin Minsky (1927-2016)
Yagize uruhare mu gushyiraho uburyo bwo gusobanukirwa ubwenge bw’ubukorano binyuze mu buhanga bwo guhanga robots.
Herbert Simon na Allen Newell
Bakoze ubushakashatsi mu buryo bwo gufasha imashini kubona uburyo bwo kwiga no gukora imyanzuro.
Amateka y’Iterambere rya AI mu kinyejana cya 20
1950: Alan Turing yatanze igitekerezo cya Turing Machine.
1956: Inama ya Dartmouth Conference yatumye AI ivugwa mu buryo bwagutse.
1960s: Habayeho iterambere mu mikorere ya symbolic AI, aho imashini zari zigamije kumva no gukemura ibibazo.
1970-1980: Ikibazo cya “AI Winter”
Habaye igihe iterambere rya AI ryari rihagaze kubera ubushobozi buke bwa mudasobwa n’ikiguzi kinini cyo gukora ubushakashatsi.
1990s: Ibyuma Byihuta n’Ibikoresho Bishya
AI yatangiye kwinjira mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Muri iyi myaka, mudasobwa zabaye nyinshi kandi zihendutse.
2000-2020: Impinduka Ikomeye
AI yinjijwe mu buzima busanzwe, nko mu bikorwa by’ubucuruzi (nk’amasoko y’ikoranabuhanga), ubuvuzi, ndetse no mu miyoborere y’ibihugu. Icyarushijeho gukomeza iterambere ni deep learning, aho AI ishingiye ku kwiga ku buryo bwimbitse (neural networks).
2020 kugeza ubu
AI irakora ibikorwa bikomeye nko kugenzura ubwenge bw’ubukorano mu nganda (industrial AI), gukora imodoka zidafite abashoferi (autonomous vehicles), ndetse no gukora ibikoresho byo gutanga serivisi mu buryo bwihuse n’ubushobozi bwo kwiyigisha.
AI ikomeje gutera imbere, kandi mu gihe kizaza, izarushaho kugira uruhare mu mibereho y’abantu, nubwo hari n’imbogamizi zishingiye ku ngingo z’ubuzima bwite, imirimo, n’uburenganzira bwa muntu.
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